Drug Administration - Formulation

Formulation

Clinically useful drugs are formulated by drug
companies into preparations that can be administered
orally. intra\"enously. or by another route. The fonnu·
lation of a drug depends on the following factors:

-The barriers that the drug is capable of passing.
Intravenous drugs are injected directly into the blood
stream. In contrast, oTal preparations must pass
through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and
blood vessel walls before entering the bloodstream.

-The setting in which the drug will be used. An
intravenous preparation might be appropriate for a
drug which is administered during surgery, but
would be inappropriate for home administration of
aspirin
.
-The urgency of the medical situation
. The delaybefore onset of action varies between preparations of
the same drug. Emergency situations often caU for
intravenous administration of agents which might
normaUy be administered by another route.

-Stability of the drug. Drugs which are denatured by
acid are not good candidates for oral preparations
because they may be destroyed in the stomach
(stomach pH = 2).

• First Pass Effect. 
Blood from the gastrointestinal tract passes 
through the liver before entering any other
organs. During this first pass through the liver, a
fraction of the drug (in some cases nearly all) can be
metabolized to an inactive or less active derivative.
The inactivation of some drugs is so great that the
agents are useless when administered orally.

FDA Approves New Prescription Acne Treatment

FDA  approved Galderma Laboratories’ antibiotic-free adapalene and benzoyl peroxide 0.3%/2.5% gel (Epiduo Forte Gel) for the once-daily treatment of acne vulgaris.

“Acne is a challenging condition to manage. It can vary greatly from patient to patient, can have a significant physical and psychosocial impact on sufferers, and patients can find treatment adherence difficult to maintain,” said clinical investigator Jonathan Weiss, MD, in a press release. “For many patients, rapid results are especially important, and some acne treatments take time to show effect. We were very excited to see in the clinical trial that people using Epiduo Forte Gel saw results as early as 1 week, with efficacy continually improving through week 12.”

The most commonly reported adverse events experienced by trial participants treated with Epiduo Forte Gel were skin irritation, eczema, atopic dermatitis, and skin burning sensation. Most of the side effects associated with the drug’s use were mild and moderate in severity, a finding that Galderma considers particularly relevant to acne patients with sensitive skin.

Galderma plans to launch Epiduo Forte Gel in early September 2015, according to a manufacturer press release.

10 Things to do during every interview.

Here is a list of ten things I tell my clients before they go into an interview to do. If these are done correctly the chances of success go up dramatically.

1) Dress properly-This maybe a no brainer but there are some out there who do not wear a suit to an interview. The guideline usually is to dress as if you are going to church or court which ever you're more comfortable with. Just Because the interviewer or organization is casual, does not mean we can be.

2) Always Smile and make eye contact- When you first meet the interviewer extend your hand and make eye contact. Introduce yourself and listen for their name so that you can use it at the end the interview to thank them for taking the time to interview you.

3) Bring 2 copies of your resume- This is important that you bring a good clean copy of your resume with you on resume paper. I say bring two because usually the director is going to need to pass your resume on to his Hr department and we want him to have one as well.

4)Stay away from money- It is improper to discuss money at the first interview. If they ask you about money it is ok to say your negotiable. Money is always the last thing to discuss even if it is the first thing on your mind.

5) Do your research- This is important, you want the potential employer to know you have looked into them and it will tell you what their recent success have been and where they are going as an organization.

6)Always ask questions- The only way to hear what you want to hear is to ask questions. The questions should revolve around duties and the company. Some questions should also revolve around the research you have done prepare some questions about things you have seen on the organizations website.

7)Always speak good of the past- Never criticize a current or former employer. Your potential boss would not want you to go around bad mouthing him if you leave his organization.

8)Mentally prepare yourself- You do want to walk into an interview with an air of confidence, in your mind you should already know that you have done the research and have good questions prepared, the only thing standing in your way is the attitude you present to your interviewer. Always make sure you are enthusiastic about the opportunity and convey that to them.

9)Know somebody- Always have references available to provide to your potential employer.

10)Exit with a smile- At the end of the interview shake your potential employers hand and thank him again for taking the time to interview you and reiterate how much you are interested in the position. I always say to follow up with a thank you note it is always best.

How Innovation Differs from Invention

Invention   

This is usually defined as the discovery of a new item. Whether it is a new drug, device, or other piece of technology, it is unique and no similar one exists. Unfortunately, most invention comes from outside of the profession, with individuals using their skills to bring inventions to pharmacy practice. The invention should result in a patent submission because of its novelty and lack of prior art. 

Innovation 

This term usually comes after the invention has occurred. This can either be an improvement on a current system or a process that makes things better than their current state. Innovation could also involve taking an existing idea that was implemented at 1 site and replicating it at another. Because anything unique is often considered innovative. They are improvements of an existing service, as opposed to the creation of new technology.

 Entrepreneurship 

This term applies when someone takes a novel idea and creates a new business from it. The entrepreneur is usually the founder who gets an equity stake in the start-up company. 
The company could be based on an invention or innovation, but it has to have a commercial base to support it. Those who start and own an independent pharmacy would be considered entrepreneurs. Starting and running a business requires very different skills than inventing and innovating. 
Some might choose to turn their invention into a business, while others might allow someone else to use their invention to start a company. 

TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMS - LECTURE

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CAPSULES

CAPSULES

  Are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and or inert substances are enclosed within a small shell or container generally prepared from a suitable form of gelatin.  Depending upon their formulation, the gelatin capsule shells may be hard or soft.

Characteristics:

1.  May be swallowed whole by the patient

2.  May be inserted into the rectum for drug release and absorption from the site

3.The contents may be removed from the gelatin shell and employed as a pre measured medicinal powder, the capsule shell being use to contain a dose of the medicinal substance.

Example: Theo-dur Sprinkle

4.  Elegance

5.  Ease of use

6.  Portability

7. Tasteless shell to mask the unpleasant taste/odor of the drug

8. Permits physician to prescribe the exact medication needed by the patient

9.  conveniently carried

10. readily identified

11. easily taken

12. tasteless when swallowed

13. commonly embossed or imprinted on their surface the   manufacturer’s name and product code readily identified

14. available in variety of dosage strength

15. provide flexibility to the prescriber and accurate individualized dosage for the patient

16. packaged and shipped by manufacturers at lower cost less breakage than liquid forms

17. more stable and longer shelf life

Components Of Capsules

1.  Gelatin

2.   FD & C and D & C colorant

3.  Sugar

4.  Water - 12 to 16 % but may vary depending on the storage condition

5.  Sulfur dioxide (.15%) - prevent decomposition during manufacture

6.  Opaquants/Opacifying agent - titanium dioxide

H   HARD GELATIN CAPSULES

A   Also referred to as “DFC” Dry Filled Capsule. Manufactured into two sections, the capsule body and a  shorter cap. 

A A recent innovation in capsule shell design is the Snap-Fit, Coni-Snap, and Coni Snap Supro hard gelatin capsules.

CaCapsule size

F  For human use, empty capsules ranging in size from 000 the largest to 5 the smallest.   Generally, hard gelatin capsule are used to encapsulate between 65 mg to 1 gram.


  SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES 
Also referred to as as Soft ElasticCapsule.  Are prepared from shells of gelatin from which glycerin or a polyhydric alcohol and as sorbitol has been added to render the gelatin elastic or plastic like.
Tthe gelatin is plasticized by the addition of glycerin, sorbitol or polyol.  The shell may contain preservatives to prevent from fun 

soft gelatin capsule has a seam at the point of closure of the 2 halves, and the contents can be liquid, paste or powder.

ACCORDING TO WHO ROLE OF HOSPITAL PHARMACIST

Hospital pharmacy

Hospitals and other institutions and facilities, such as outpatient clinics, drug-dependency treatment facilities, poison control centres, drug information centres, and long-term care facilities, may be operated by the government or privately. While many of the pharmacist’s activities in such facilities may be similar to those performed by community pharmacists, they differ in a number of ways. 

Additionally, the hospital or institutional pharmacist:

• has more opportunity to interact closely with the prescriber and, therefore, to promote the rational prescribing and use of drugs;

• in larger hospital and institutional pharmacies, is usually one of several pharmacists, and thus has a greater opportunity to interact with others, to specialize and to gain greater expertise;

• having access to medical records, is in a position to influence the selection of drugs and dosage regimens, to monitor patient compliance and therapeutic response to drugs, and to recognize and report adverse drug reactions;

• can more easily than the community pharmacist assess and monitor patterns of drug usage and thus recommend changes where necessary;

• serves as a member of policy-making committees, including those concerned with drug selection, the use of antibiotics, and hospital infections (Drug and Therapeutics Committee) and thereby influences the preparation and composition of an essential-drug list or formulary;

• is in a better position to educate other health professionals about the rational use of drugs;

• more easily participates in studies to determine the beneficial or adverse effects of drugs, and is involved in the analysis of drugs in body fluids;

• can control hospital manufacture and procurement of drugs to ensure the supply of high-quality products;

• takes part in the planning and implementation of clinical trials.