TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMS - LECTURE

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CAPSULES

CAPSULES

  Are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and or inert substances are enclosed within a small shell or container generally prepared from a suitable form of gelatin.  Depending upon their formulation, the gelatin capsule shells may be hard or soft.

Characteristics:

1.  May be swallowed whole by the patient

2.  May be inserted into the rectum for drug release and absorption from the site

3.The contents may be removed from the gelatin shell and employed as a pre measured medicinal powder, the capsule shell being use to contain a dose of the medicinal substance.

Example: Theo-dur Sprinkle

4.  Elegance

5.  Ease of use

6.  Portability

7. Tasteless shell to mask the unpleasant taste/odor of the drug

8. Permits physician to prescribe the exact medication needed by the patient

9.  conveniently carried

10. readily identified

11. easily taken

12. tasteless when swallowed

13. commonly embossed or imprinted on their surface the   manufacturer’s name and product code readily identified

14. available in variety of dosage strength

15. provide flexibility to the prescriber and accurate individualized dosage for the patient

16. packaged and shipped by manufacturers at lower cost less breakage than liquid forms

17. more stable and longer shelf life

Components Of Capsules

1.  Gelatin

2.   FD & C and D & C colorant

3.  Sugar

4.  Water - 12 to 16 % but may vary depending on the storage condition

5.  Sulfur dioxide (.15%) - prevent decomposition during manufacture

6.  Opaquants/Opacifying agent - titanium dioxide

H   HARD GELATIN CAPSULES

A   Also referred to as “DFC” Dry Filled Capsule. Manufactured into two sections, the capsule body and a  shorter cap. 

A A recent innovation in capsule shell design is the Snap-Fit, Coni-Snap, and Coni Snap Supro hard gelatin capsules.

CaCapsule size

F  For human use, empty capsules ranging in size from 000 the largest to 5 the smallest.   Generally, hard gelatin capsule are used to encapsulate between 65 mg to 1 gram.


  SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES 
Also referred to as as Soft ElasticCapsule.  Are prepared from shells of gelatin from which glycerin or a polyhydric alcohol and as sorbitol has been added to render the gelatin elastic or plastic like.
Tthe gelatin is plasticized by the addition of glycerin, sorbitol or polyol.  The shell may contain preservatives to prevent from fun 

soft gelatin capsule has a seam at the point of closure of the 2 halves, and the contents can be liquid, paste or powder.

Pharmaceutical Aerosol

Pharmaceutical Aerosol

Definition

Pharmaceutical aerosols are dosage systems

containing one or more active ingredient which 

upon actuation emit a fine dispersion of liquid / or 

solid materials in a gaseous medium. 

Classification

Space Sprays

▫These are used o provide an airborne mist.

▫These have Particle size is less than 50 mm.

▫Contain 70-80% propellant

▫Examples are: Room disinfectants, room deodorizers, space sprays, air fresheners etc.

Surface Sprays

▫Used to carry an active ingredient to a surface.

▫Larger particle size

▫Contain usually 30-70% propellant.

▫Examples are: Dermatological aerosols, Non-pharmaceutical aerosols e.g. cologne sprays etc. 

PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSIONS

DISPERSE SYSTEM

—The term "Disperse System" refers to a system in which one substance (The Dispersed Phase) is distributed, in discrete units, throughout a second substance (the continuous Phase ).

—

—Each phase can exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous state .

—Suspensions are heterogenous system consisting of 2 phases.

   Definition

Ø   A Pharmaceutical suspension is a  coarse dispersion in which internal

      phase (therapeutically active ingredient)is dispersed uniformly

      throughout the external phase.

ØThe internal phase consisting of insoluble solid particles  

     having a range of size(0.5 to 5 microns) which is  maintained uniformly through out the suspending vehicle with aid of single or combination of suspending agent.

Ø The external phase (suspending medium) is generally
 aqueous in some instance, may be an organic or oily  liquid for non oral use.

The reasons for the formulation of a pharmaceutical suspension:

-- when the drug is insoluble in the delivery vehicle.

–To mask the bitter taste of the drug.

–To increase drug stability.

–To achieve controlled/sustained drug release.

SOME PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSIONS

—1. Antacid oral suspensions

—2. Antibacterial oral suspension

—3. Dry powders for oral suspension (antibiotic)

—4. Analgesic oral suspension

—5. Anthelmentic oral suspension

—6. Anticonvulsant oral suspension

—7. Antifungal oral suspension

Classification

Based On General Classes

Ø Oral suspension

     eg: Paracetamol suspension

       antacids, Tetracycline HCl.

Ø  Externally applied suspension

      eg :Calamine lotion.

Ø  Parenteral suspension

eg: Procaine penicillin G

Insulin Zinc Suspension

Based on Proportion of Solid Particles

Ø  Dilute suspension (2 to10%w/v solid)

Eg: cortisone acetate, predinisolone acetate

Ø  Concentrated suspension (50%w/v solid)

Eg: zinc oxide suspension

 Based on Electrokinetic Nature of Solid Particles

Ø Flocculated suspension

Ø Deflocculated suspension

Based on Size of Solid Particles

ØColloidal suspensions (< 1 micron)

-Suspensions having particle sizes of suspended solid less than about 1micron in size are called as colloidal suspensions.

Coarse suspensions (>1 micron)

ØSuspensions having particle sizes of greater than about 1micron in diameter are called as coarse suspensions.

Nano suspensions (10 ng)

Ø Suspensions are the biphasic colloidal dispersions of nanosized drug particles stabilized by surfactants.

ØSize of the drug particles is less than 1mm.

Advantages And Disadvantages

ADVANTAGES

Suspension can improve chemical stability of certain drug.

  E.g. Procaine penicillin G.

ØDrug in suspension exhibits higher rate of bioavailability than other dosage forms.

Solution > Suspension > Capsule > Compressed Tablet > Coated tablet

ØDuration and onset of action can be controlled.

    E.g. Protamine Zinc-Insulin suspension.

ØSuspension can mask the unpleasant/ bitter taste of drug.

    E.g. Chloramphenicol

DISADVANTAGES

ØPhysical stability , sedimentation and compaction can causes 

     problems.

Ø It is bulky sufficient care must be taken during handling and 

    transport.

Ø It is difficult to formulate.

Ø Uniform and accurate dose can not be achieved unless suspension are  packed in unit dosage form.

Applications

Ø  Suspension is usually applicable for drug which is insoluble

     (or )   poorly soluble.

    E.g. Prednisolone suspension

Ø  To prevent degradation of drug or to improve stability of drug.

     E.g. Oxy tetracycline suspension

Ø  To mask the taste of bitter of unpleasant drug.
      E.g. Chloramphenicol  palmitate suspension

Ø  Suspension of drug can be formulated for topical application  

     e.g. Calamine lotion

ØSuspension can be formulated for parentral application in order to

    control rate of drug absorption. E.g. penicillin procaine

Ø Vaccines as a immunizing agent are often formulated as suspension.
     E.g. Cholera vaccine

Ø  X-ray contrast agent are also formulated as suspension .

     eg: Barium sulphate for examination of alimentary tract.